Green building

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle:
 from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages.^[1]
The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.^[2]
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:

• Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
• Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
• Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation^[2]

A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally.^[3] Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.^[4] Green building does not specifically address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes.

A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.

^[5]

FROM:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Wind energy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind.
Total wind energy flowing through an imaginary area A during the time t is:

where v is the wind speed; ρ is the air density; Avt is the volume of air passing through A (which is considered perpendicular to the direction of the wind); Avtρ is therefore the mass m passing per unit time. Note that ½ ρv² is the kinetic energy of the moving air per unit volume.

Power is energy per unit time, so the wind power incident on A (e.g. equal to the rotor area of a wind turbine) is:

Wind power in an open air stream is thus proportional to the third power of the wind speed; the available power increases eightfold when the wind speed doubles. Wind turbines for grid electricity therefore need to be especially efficient at greater wind speeds.


FROM:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

太陽能

現在，太陽能的利用還不很普及，利用太陽能發電還存在成本高、轉換效率低的問題，但是太陽電池在為人造衛星提供能源方面得到了很好的應用。
目前，全球最大的屋頂太陽能面板系統位於德國南部比茲塔特（Bürstadt），面積為四萬平方公尺，每年的發電量為450萬千瓦時。
日本為了達成京都議定書的二氧化碳減量要求，全日本都普設太陽能光電板，位於日本中部的長野縣飯田市，居民在屋頂設置太陽能光電板的比率甚至達2%，堪稱日本第一。

 光電轉換

光電轉換又稱太陽能光電。太陽能板是一種暴露在陽光下便會產生直流電的發電裝置，由幾乎全部以半導體物料（例如矽）製成的薄身固體太陽能電池組成。由於沒有活動的部分，故可以長時間操作而不會導致任何損耗。簡單的光電電池可為手錶及計算機提供能源，較大的光電系統可為房屋照明，並為電網供電。
太陽能板可以製成不同形狀，而又可連接，以產生更多電力。近年，天台及建築物表面開始使用光電板組件，被用作窗戶、天窗或遮蔽裝置的一部分，這些光電設施通常被稱為附設於建築物的光電系統。

 光熱轉換

現代的太陽能科技可以將陽光聚合，並運用其能量產生熱水、蒸汽和電力。集熱式太陽能（Solar Thermal）。原理是將鏡子反射的太陽光，聚焦在一條叫接收器的玻璃管上，而該中空的玻璃管可以讓油流過。從鏡子反映的太陽光會令管子內的油升溫，產生蒸氣，再由蒸氣推動渦輪機發電。^[2]除了運用適當的科技來收集太陽能外，建築物亦可利用太陽的光和熱能，方法是在設計時加入合適的裝備，例如巨型的向南窗戶或使用能吸收及慢慢釋放太陽熱力的建築材料。在適當地點，太陽能的長期使用成本已經接近甚至低於傳統的化石燃料。

FROM:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Solar Energy

The Official Journal of the International Solar Energy Society®

Solar Energy, the official journal of the International Solar Energy Society®, is devoted exclusively to the science and technology of solar energy applications.
The Society was founded in 1954 and is now incorporated as a non-profit educational and scientific institution.
With participation encompassing 100 countries, ISES® serves as a centre for information on research and development in solar energy utilisation.
Through its publications and its sponsorship of technical conferences, the Society provides a world forum for the active consideration of solar energy.
Solar Energy welcomes manuscripts presenting information not previously published in journals on any aspect of solar energy research, development, application, measurement or policy. The term "solar energy" in this context includes the indirect uses such as wind energy and biomass. Because of the international character of Solar Energy, articles that deal solely with the solar radiation or wind data base of a specific country are not normally considered suitable for Solar Energy. Submitted manuscripts may take the form of reports of original studies or reviews of significant prior work in a given area. All manuscripts are subject to reviews to assure accuracy, clarity, and long-term value.
Manuscripts of general interest not being suitable for Solar Energy should be submitted to Refocus, which publishes magazine-style feature articles concerning all aspects of renewable energy. Please e-mail David Hopwood, Editor for further details (d.hopwood@elsevier.co.uk) and visit http://www.re-focus.net.

FROM:http://www.journals.elsevier.com/

藻類生質燃油

        甘蔗 玉米來製造的生質汽油(EX:巴西)會壓縮人類的糧食來源, 因此, 科學家也一直在尋找其他可以製油的方式,
藻類只需要陽光和二氧化碳, 就能進行光合作用, 微藻油脂萃取製成生質燃油,這可奇妙地解決地球二氧化碳過剩的問題!
優:   所需要的空間遠小於其他生質產業,吸收CO2 抑止溫室效應
劣:   與其他能源產業的競爭

核融合karyogamy

          核融合技術

隨著全球石化燃料日益減少，科學家正積極開發新能源，核融合發電正是其中之一。
核融合能產生強大能量，比現行的核分裂發電更乾淨安全，而且燃料取自海水，不虞匱乏。
但核融合只會在極高溫下發生，科學家必須在實驗室中以華氏2億度高溫讓核子融合，還要讓核融合產生的能量，大於促成反應所耗用的能量，才能將核融合應用於商業發電。
目前全球三大核融合研究小組包括ITER的托克馬克反應爐，以電磁圍阻高溫的離子體，產生核融合反應；百萬焦耳雷射計畫則是慣性約束核融合，以雷射陣列射擊燃料膠囊；美國的Z機器計畫則試圖以瞬間高壓電流讓物質達到極端狀態，產生核融合。儘管科學家已經投入多年心血，但核融合發電還有很長的路要走，估計西元2070年才可望實現。話是這麼說，核融合的技術發展有"永遠的50年"之說，路真的長

4¹H → 2²H + 2e⁺ + 2ν_e (4.0 MeV + 1.0 MeV)

2¹H + 2²H → 2³He + 2γ (5.5 MeV)

2³He → ⁴He + 2¹H (12.9 MeV)

總:

4¹H → ⁴He + 2e⁺ + 2γ + 2ν_e (26.7 MeV)

我的部落格開張了

Hello my blogger is open.